Born in Virginia, Hancock is described in the Nisqually Journal (March 15, 1850) as, first, a 'settler', then a 'gold seeker' and finally, an 'adventurer'. He was also a prospector and established a trading post at Neah Bay where in 1852-53 he witnessed and described the impact of small-pox on the Makah. His memoir "The Narrative of Samuel Hancock: 1845-1860" was published in 1860.